Fig. 2

The prediction performance of HPOseq is compared with that of the baseline method. The results show that HPOseq significantly outperforms the baseline model in two key metrics, AUPR and \(F_{max}\), reaching 0.3244 and 0.3869, respectively. HPOseq extracts features from two dimensions, namely, the composition of the protein amino acid sequences and sequence similarity, to generate more comprehensive feature representations, which improves the prediction performance and robustness of the model