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Table 5 Comparison of the mean performance of PRED-LD, DIST and SSIMP when the results of the latter two are filtered using (i) the reported coefficient of determination and keeping only the imputed SNPs with reported R2 > 0.5, (ii) retaining the same number of imputed SNPs with PRED-LD (ranked in descending order of R2 for DIST and SSIMP) and (iii) considering only the common imputed SNPs of PRED-LD across all intersection combinations. The three methods show comparable performance across all metrics except for speed. Execution time in other methods cannot be reduced since the R2 can only be calculated after the imputation is performed

From: PRED-LD: efficient imputation of GWAS summary statistics

Filter

Tool

Imputed SNPs

\(R^{2}\)(z)

\(\left( {R^{2} - \log_{10} \left( p \right)} \right)\)

Imputation percentage in masked SNPs (%)

Time

\(R^{2}\) > 0.5 (DIST, SSIMP) and \(r^{2}\) > 0.5 (PRED-LD)

DIST

314,074

0.661

0.539

61.30

76 m 15 s

SSIMP

310,107

0.858

0.760

54.84

428 m 9 s

PRED-LD

338,803

0.817

0.728

49.90

20 m 12 s

Same number of imputed SNPs of PRED-LD

DIST

338,803

0.765

0.628

52.69

76 m 15 s

SSIMP

0.879

0.808

53.86

428 m 9 s

PRED-LD

0.817

0.728

49.90

20 m 12 s

Common SNPs (DIST-SSIMP-PRED-LD)

DIST

158,650

0.785

0.666

46.13

76 m 15 s

SSIMP

0.837

0.737

428 m 9 s

PRED-LD

0.816

0.725

20 m 12 s

Common SNPs (DIST-PRED-LD)

DIST

162,354

0.787

0.666

46.47

76 m 15 s

PRED-LD

0.816

0.725

20 m 12 s

Common SNPs (SSIMP-PRED-LD)

SSIMP

219,732

0.837

0.739

49.39

428 m 9 s

PRED-LD

0.817

0.727

20 m 12 s