Fig. 6

Drug molecule optimization on appointed sites. a The molecular structure of penicillin. The blue line marks the \(\beta\)-lactam ring. The dashed arrow shows the nucleophilic attack from the oxygen atom on the side chain to the \(\beta\)-lactam ring. The yellow region marks the functional group to be optimized. The partial charge on the nucleophilic-attacking oxygen atom is \(-\)0.506. b One representative example of our optimization results under the given prompt is shown in the figure. The green region marks the modification where the benzyl group is replaced by a more electron withdrawing isoxazole group. With the modification, the partial charge on the nucleophilic-attacking oxygen atom is successfully reduced to \(-\)0.488. c The molecular structure of oxacillin, an existing analogue to our modification. d The molecular structure of triptolide. The yellow regions mark the optimization sites. e Two exemplary optimizations where the two modified side chains have connected. Both exhibit increases in solubility as well as in polarity, as the given prompt orders. f Selected examples in diverse drug molecule optimization tasks that have reported analogs