Fig. 3

Analysis results of Spall on PDAC dataset. A Manual annotation of the PDAC dataset. B Pie plots showing the cell type composition for each spot using Spall. C Top: Proportions of specific cell types as predicted by Spall. Bottom: Spatial distribution of the corresponding marker genes for these cell types. D Spatial region clustering results based on cell type proportions inferred by Spall. E ARI and NMI scores comparing the region annotations with clustering results obtained by Spall and 10 other algorithms. F Comparative analysis of the abundance of four cell types in cancerous regions (n = 137 spots) versus non-cancerous regions (n = 289 spots); the center line represents the median, box limits show the upper and lower quartiles, and whiskers indicate 1.5 × the interquartile range. G TP53 related gene regulatory network analysis in cancerous regions