Fig. 6

The imputation correlation of five methods (PHENIX, PIM, C-MSE, C-(0–1) and C-QL) for phenotype values (\(n=1000\)) simulated from a mixture of multivariate normal, beta, and gamma distributions. In this plot, the y-axis represents the correlation of the imputed values with the true values, while the x-axis represents the proportion of missingness in phenotypes, varying from 0.05 to 0.25