Fig. 3

The imputation correlation of five methods (PHNIX, PIM, C-MSE, C-(0–1) and C-QL) for phenotype values (\(n=1000\)) simulated from multivariate normal distribution (top) and multivariate gamma distribution (bottom) at \(h^2=0.05\) is evaluated across a range of positive and negative correlations among phenotypes. The y-axis represents the correlation between the imputed and true values for each method